Optimal Capital Structure for a Property-Liability Insurer

Property-liability Insurer Financial Strength Ratings: Differences across Rating Agencies

Regulators, investors, consumers, and insurance brokers use insurer financial strength ratings to evaluate the insolvency risk of insurers. This article investigates the factors influencing the decision to obtain a rating or multiple ratings, the determinants of ratings for the three major insurer rating agencies, and reasons for differences in ratings across agencies. This study indicates that...

Estimating the Cost of Equity Capital for Property-Liability Insurers

The Wharton Financial Institutions Center provides a multidisciplinary research approach to the problems and opportunities facing the financial services industry in its search for competitive excellence. The Center's research focuses on the issues related to managing risk at the firm level as well as ways to improve productivity and performance. The Center fosters the development of a community...

Optimal Bank Liability Structure

We develop a model of capital and liability structure of banks that optimally respond to changes of regulatory environment. The model produces the following results. In the absence of regulation, banks in our model take high leverage, both in the form of deposits and subordinated debt. We find that subordinated debt is important in banks’ liability structure—holding zero subordinated debt is ne...

Insurer Liquidity Creation : The Evidence from U . S . Property and Liability Insurance Industry

On the Optimal Structure of Liability Laws

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